This project uses an Arduino Nano as a small controller that manages electrical timing for an electromagnetic coil

The Arduino sends digital signals that determine when the coil should activate

Because the coil needs more current than an Arduino pin can safely provide, the L293D motor driver is included

The L293D contains dual H-bridge circuits that can drive inductive loads in a controlled way

It allows the current through the coil to flow forward or reverse, letting the magnetic polarity change

The coil is hand-wound using 24 AWG copper wire, offering good conductivity and manageable resistance

With about fifty turns on a three-centimeter diameter form, the coil creates a noticeable magnetic field when powered

When electricity flows, the magnetic field forms around the coil and can be detected with nearby metal objects or sensors

Switching the coil rapidly demonstrates how magnetic fields appear and disappear in response to electrical changes

Reversing the current direction shows how magnetic north and south can alternate

This behavior allows students to explore the basics of electromagnetism in a hands-on way

The Arduino code controls how long the coil stays energized and how frequently polarity changes

Different timing patterns can create different magnetic effects for experimentation

The system requires a stable power supply to ensure the L293D delivers reliable current to the coil

The L293D needs one voltage for its logic section and another for powering the coil itself

A shared ground between the Arduino and the driver is necessary for correct communication

The coil’s resistance helps limit the current to prevent overheating of the components

The internal diodes inside the L293D help absorb voltage spikes produced by the coil when switching stops

These protections make the setup safer for learning about inductive loads

Overall, the combination of Arduino, L293D, and a hand-wound coil creates a simple and effective educational platform for exploring electromagnetic principles