In this tutorial we will see how to create a weather station, for places where there is no internet access with LORA modules, GPS, Temperature and humidity sensor DHT11, but I recommend the DHT22, we will also work with an anemometer to measure the wind speed, as a controller of the system we will use an arduino nano.Electronic ComponentsMODULES LORA DRF1276DM/DRF1278DMintroductionThe LoRa radio module is a type of long-range low-data rate data radio modem based on Semtech’s Sx1276. It is a low-cost transceiver module of less than 1 GHz designed for operations in the ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) and LPRD bands without a license. Frequency spectrum modulation/demodulation, multichannel operation, high bandwidth efficiency and anti-lock performance make LoRa modules easy to perform thanks to the robust and reliable wireless link.The module can operate in two different modes: standard mode and Star network mode. In standard mode, it acts as a transparent data radio modem that communicates with the host in the preset data format without the need for encoding/decoding. In home network mode, one module will be configured for the central node and other modules will be configured as node modules. Communication between the central module and the node module is bidirectional, but the node modules cannot communicate with each other. Note that the module does not contain the lorawan protocol. Therefore, the star networking function of this module is used with the protocol itself, so it does not support lorawan.characteristicsLoRa frequency spectrumFrequency band 433 / 490Mhz ISM-137 dBm receive sensitivity20 dBm max. output powerActivation serial portWireless alarm clockStar network capacitySupply voltage 3.4~5.5VspecificationOperating voltage: 2.1~3.6V (battery powered) or 4.5~5.5VWorking frequency band: 433 MHzModulation: Extended Spectrum LoRaOutput power: ≤ 20dBmReception sensitivity: -148dBmEmission current: ≤120mAReceiving current: ≤15.2mASleep current: ≤ 3.9uASleep time: optional 2S, 4S, 6S, 8S, 10SBreathing time: optional 2ms, 4ms, 8ms, 16ms, 32ms, 64msWaking up time: waking up immediatelyCommunication interface: TTL serial communicationSerial transmission speed: 1200~57600.9600bps (default)Serial port verification: 8E1,8O1,8N1 (optional)Operating temperature: -40°C – +80°CProduct size: 34.2 * 18.4mm / 1.35 * 0.72inData SheetsDRF1276DMDRF1278DMPIN OUTConnecting Module with Serial USB AdapterSETTINGSFor some applications, default parameters may not be the bestchoice, so users may need to change the parameters There are two ways to adjust them: per MCU or per PC. Inconfiguration mode, the EN pin must be connected toGND and then the configuration tool or commands can work effectivelyBy PC: DORJI offers a PC-based configuration toolthat can be used to change parameters through the graphical interface. Users can insert the DRF1278DM module intoserial usb adapter and connect them to the computer and run the configuration tool.DRF TOOLThis tool allows us to configure the LoRa modules DRF1278DM and DRF1276DMDownload—drftool >Description of the programUART -> Values are set to 9.6k bps and no parity checkRF frequency–> Indicates the center frequency of the RF carrierRF Mode–> Standard Mode, Center Mode, and Node ModeRF_Factor–> Lora scattering factor. A higher value meanshigher sensitivity but longer air transmission time. Only users can change it in standard modeRF_BW–> Lora bandwidth. A higher value means lower sensitivity. Recommended value: 125K. Only users can change it in standard mode.Node ID–> Only used for modules in node mode: 0~65535Net ID–> Only modules with the same network ID (0~255) can communicatewith each other. Can avoid module interferencePower–> Used to configure the output power of the DRF1278D. There are 7 power levels. 7 means the maximum. an output power: 20dBm and 0 means the lowest output powerBreath–> The activation period for the module in node mode. Only available for firmware 2.0 or higherWake timer–> The time to detect the wireless signal during thebreak period is only available for firmware 2.7 or higherSerial Transmission Rate–> Defines the data rate between DRF1278DM and the host (pc or microcontroller)Serial parity–> Defines parity checking between DRF1278DM and the host (pc or microcontroller)STANDARDMODE Standard mode is also called transparent mode inwhich the module receives or sends data to the host through the serial port (UART) in the preset data format and users do not need to worry about processing data within the module. The DRF1278DM AUXpin will give indication about the serial port IN/OUT data 2 ms in advance, which can be used to wake up the host. In this mode, the EN pin must be setto low logic in case the module enters deep sleep.In STANDARD or transparent mode, the nodes can operate with a point-to-point (P2P) connection the main feature of this mode is that an intermediary device is not required to manage the communication, the devices can send information to each other directly, this is perfect for simple communications such as the ignition of a light. The other way is with a star network type where we find a central node that is responsible for managing the network, its disadvantage is that it is limited to 255 networks of 255 nodes* and that the coordinating node can only listen to one node at a time.STARNETWORK MODE In this mode, a DRF1278DM module needsto set a module as the central module and other modules must be node modules for star networks. For the core module, it works atfull performance so its power consumption isthe same as in standard mode and the EN pin must be connected to low logic. The logical level of theSET pin for the central module must be the same as the node module.GT-U7 GPS ModuleInitial test settingsFor a quick test using your Windows computer, you just need to establish serial communication with the GPS module using a USB-UART adapter like the PL2303 USB-to-Serial module or similar. The hardware configuration is quite simple:GT-U7 GPS ModuleUSB to Serial ConverterTxRxRxTxGndGndVdc5 V Note that when the GPS module works, the green indicator on the GPS module will flash (red is for indication of ignition), and the relative figures, time(UTC), latitude, longitude, and more. If we establish a connection between the GPS module, and a serial terminal program on our pc we will obtain data. It is important to try to be in a clear area to capture satellite signals, at least we need 3 salelites, to get latitude and longitude data, but the more satellites we get the better the navigation experience and accuracy.Product descriptionItem Description:Features: GT-U7 module. Module of high sensitivity, low static deviation, low power consumption and low volume.Miniaturization: thanks to the extremely high tracking sensitivity, the position of the cover has been considerably improved.– High precision: In a narrow urban sky, in harsh jungle environments, the GT-U7 can be positioned with great precision.Easy to use: with the IPEX antenna interface the standard distribution of the active antenna can be placed quickly. Table of rechargeable button batteries. Onboard E2PROM allows the storage of parameter data.-Compatible: The output format is compatible with NEO-6M.– Scope: vehicles, mobile devices such as PDA, vehicle surveillance, mobile phones, camcorders and other mobile location systems, bicycle sharing, common mobile power supply.Contenido del paquete:1 módulo GPS GT-U7 .1 antena activa con interfaz IPEX.Especificación:Con la interfaz de antena IPEX, la distribución predeterminada de la antena activa, se puede colocar rápidamenteVoltaje de funcionamiento: 3.6V-5V (o fuente de alimentación USB directa)Velocidad de transmisión en baudios: 9600 (se puede modificar)Batería de botón recargable a bordoMemoria E2PROM a bordoFormato de salida NEMA de datos de parámetros es compatible con NEO-6MTama?o: 27.6 mm * 26.6 mm se puede insertar o seleccionar un parche (con orificios de posicionamiento)áreas de aplicación: Dispositivos portátiles montados en vehículos como PDAMonitoreo de vehículosTeléfonos móviles, videocámaras y otros sistemas de posicionamientos móvilesPinOutPPS: Pulso por segundoTXD: Pin de transmisión de datosRXD: Pin de transmisión de datosGND: TierraVCC: Voltage de alimentación 3.6 a 5.5 voltiosVisión generalLa serie de módulos GT-U7 es una familia de receptores GPS autónomos con alto rendimiento con motor de posicionamiento u-blox 6. Estos receptores flexibles y rentables ofrecen numerosos opciones de conectividad en un paquete en miniatura de 16 x 12,2 x 2,4 mm. Su arquitectura compacta y las opciones de alimentación y memoria hacen que los módulos GT-U7 sean ideales para dispositivos móviles que funcionan con baterías conlimitaciones de espacio y costos muy estrictos. El motor de posicionamiento u-blox 6 de 50 canales cuenta conTime-To-First-Fix (TTFF) de menos de 1 segundo. El motor de adquisición dedicado, con 2 millones correladores, es capaz de realizar búsquedas masivas de espacio de tiempo / frecuencia en paralelo, lo que le permite encontrarsatélites al instante. El dise?o y la tecnología innovadores suprimen las fuentes de interferencia y mitigan efectos multi trayecto, dando a los receptores GPS GT-U7 un excelente rendimiento de navegación incluso en la mayoríaentornos desafiantes.GPS asistido (A-GPS)Suministro de información de ayuda como efemérides, almanaque, última posición aproximada y hora y satéliteel estado y una se?al de sincronización de tiempo opcional reducirán significativamente el tiempo para arreglar por primera vez y mejorar la sensibilidad de adquisición. Todos los módulos GT-U7 son compatibles con u-blox AssistNow Online y los servicios AssistNow Offline A-GPS11 y son compatibles con OMA SUPL.AssistNow AutónomoAssistNow Autonomous proporciona una funcionalidad similar al GPS asistido sin la necesidad de un host o conexión de red externa. Basado en datos de efemérides satelitales transmitidos previamente descargado y almacenado por el receptor GPS, AssistNow Autonomous genera automáticamente datos orbitales satelitales precisos (“datos autónomos de AssistNow”) que se pueden utilizar para futuros posiciones GPS. Los datos de AssistNow Autonomous son fiables hasta 3 días después de la captura inicial.Protocolos e interfacesTipo de protocoloEntrada / salida NMEA, ASCII, 0183, 2.3 (compatible con 3.0) Entrada / salida UBX, binaria, u-blox entrada RTCM patentada, 2.3UARTLos módulos GT-U7 incluyen una interfaz UART configurable para comunicación en serie.USBLos módulos GT-U7 proporcionan una interfaz USB versión 2.0 FS (velocidad completa, 12 Mbit / s) como alternativa a la UART. La resistencia pull-up en USB_DP está integrada para se?alar un dispositivo de velocidad completa al host. El pin VDDUSB suministra la interfaz USB. u-blox proporciona un controlador USB certificado por Microsoft? para Sistemas operativos Windows XP, Windows Vista y Windows 7.Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)The SPI interface allows the connection of external devices with a serial interface, p. E.g. serial flash to save AssistNow Offline A-GPS settings and data or to connect to a host CPU. The interface can be operated in master or slave mode. In master mode, a chip selection signal is available to select external slaves. In slave mode, a single chip selection signal allows communication with the host.Power managementU-blox receivers support different power modes. These modes represent strategies of how to control the acquisition and tracking engines in order to achieve the best possible performance or good performance with reduced power consumption.Maximumperformance mode During a cold start, a receiver in peak performance mode continuously deploys the acquisition engine to search for all satellites. Once the receiver has a fixed position (or if pre-positioning information is available), the acquisition engine continues to be used to search for all visible satellites that are not being tracked.Eco-modeDuring a cold start, a receiver in Eco mode works exactly as in maximum performance mode. Once a position can be calculated and a sufficient number of satellites are being tracked, the acquisition engine shuts down, resulting in significant energy savings. The tracking engine continuously tracks the acquired satellites and acquires other available or emerging satellites.Power saving modePower saving mode (PSM) allows a reduction in the system’s power consumption by turning parts of the receiver on and off.This product is accompanied by a gps module, feet for welding, a ceramic antenna. Arduino nanoThe Arduino Nano is a small board, complete and compatible with the test board based on the ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3.x). It has more or less the same functionality as the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It only lacks a DC power connector and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one.microcontrollerATmega328architectureAVROperating voltage5 VFlash memory32 KB of which 2 KB uses the boot loaderSram2 KBClock speed16 MHzAnalog PINS IN8Eeprom1 KBDC current by I/O pins40 mA (I/O pins)Input voltage7-12 VDigital I/O pins22 (6 of which are PWM)PWM output6Energy consumption19 mAPCB size18 x 45 mmweight7 gPin diagramA DHT11 Temperature and Humidity SensorThis module consists of a digital humidity and temperature sensor DHT11 and a resistance of 1 kΩ. The DHT11 uses an internal thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor to determine environmental conditions, an internal chip is responsible for converting the readings to a serial digital signal.Operating voltage3.3V to 5.5VHumidity measurement range20% to 90% HRMoisture measurement accuracy± 5% HRHumidity measurement resolution1% HRTemperature measurement range0oC to 50oC [32oF to 122oF]Temperature measurement accuracy± 2oCTemperature measurement resolution1oCSignal transmission range20mAnemometer JL-FS2introductionHave you ever wanted to build your own weather station? This anemometer is made of housing, wind cups and circuit module. It has built-in photovoltaic module, industrial microcomputer processor and standard current generator. Made of aluminum alloy, the anemometer is of high strength, weather resistance and corrosion resistance. The military-grade interface ensures a long service life of this anemometer, while improving the accuracy of wind speed acquisition.Along with other components, this anemometer can be widely used to measure wind in areas such as engineering, railways, docks, power plants, meteorological, cable car, environmental study, agriculture, energy monitoring, health study with corresponding signal output.With the instructions and sample code, users can easily get the wind speed level through the voltage signal output (0 to 5v).The three-type wind speed sensor is an instrument that can measure wind speed. It is composed of the housing, the wind cup and the circuit module. Photovoltaic modules, industrial microcomputer processor, current generator, electric current, etc. are integrated into the inside handle.The materials of the sensor housing and wind cup are aluminum alloy that uses special mold precision casting technology, the tolerance size is very small, the surface accuracy is very high and the internal circuit has been processed for protection, the sensor has high resistance , weather resistance, corrosion resistance and waterproof.The cable plug is a military plug, has a good anticorrosive performance and prevents erosion that can guarantee the instrument used for a long time, at the same time, in the case of using relevant specifications that guarantee the accuracy of the wind. speed acquisition.The printed circuit board material is military grade A which guarantees the stability of the parameters and the quality of the electrical properties; the electronic components are all imported industrial chips, which makes it generally have extremely reliable electromagnetic interference resistance and can ensure that the host can work normally at -20°C~+50°C, humidity at 35%~85% (condensation).This product can be widely used in engineering machinery (crane, crawler crane, door crane, tower crane, etc.), railways, ports, docks, power plants, meteorology, cable car, environment, greenhouse, breeding, air conditioning, energy monitoring. , agriculture, health, clean room areas such as wind speed measurement and corresponding signal output.DFROBOT offers you the anemometer sensors, your wind speed was judged by adopting the output voltage signal (0 to 5 v), users can easily read the wind speed level with our instructions and sample code.specificationStyle: three cupsMaterial: aluminum alloy.The mode of your output signal: 0-5 V (voltage signal)supply voltage: DC 9-24VPower consumption: MAX voltage≤0.3WStart wind speed: 0.4-0.8 m / sResolution: 0.1 m/sEffective wind speed measurement range: 0-30 m/sSystem Error: ± 3%Transmission distance: more than 1000 mTransmission medium: cable transmissionConnection mode: three-wire systemWorking temperature: -40°C~80°CWorking humidity: 35%~85featureHigh hardnessCorrosion protectionimpermeabilityHigh accuracyPlease make the external power (DC 9-24V) and wiring to Arudino on the same ground, i.e. connect GND to arduino as well as to the GND of the external power In the diagram, it is not indicated.Red —— + 9-24VBlack —- GNDYellow — voltage signalBlue —– current signalDimensions of the anemometer Relationship between velocity and output valueFormula: V=6*U (multiply by 6 to get the speed value in meters per second)Wind SpeedValue10.1720.3330.540.6750.836171.1781.3391.5101.67111.83122132.17142.33152.5162.67172.83183193.17203.33213.6223.67233.83244254.17264.33274.5284.67294.83305 Female pinsA socket for the arduino nanoMale pinsTwo resistors of 1 KohmPcbDownload the Gerber –> lora remote weather PCB_Estacion file#include <SoftwareSerial.h>//Librería para emular un puerto serial por software
#include <TinyGPS.h>//Librería para obtener datos del GPS
#include "DHT.h"
TinyGPS gps;
SoftwareSerial ss(4, 3);//Pines donde conectaremos el módulo GPS
// Descomenta la linea dependiendo del sensor que vallas a usar
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11
//#define DHTTYPE DHT21 // DHT 21
//#define DHTTYPE DHT22 // DHT 22
#define DHTPin 5 //Pin del sensor DHT;
DHT dht(DHTPin, DHTTYPE);
float t;
float h;
String datos;
String stringT;
String stringH;
int velocidad;
float voltaje;
unsigned long Tiempo = 0;
void setup()
{
dht.begin();//Inicializar el sensor DHT
Serial.begin(9600);//Velocidad del puerto serial del Arduino debe conincidir con la del módulo Lora
ss.begin(9600);//Velocidad del módulo GPS
Serial.println("Iniciando envío de coordenadas con TinyGPS v. "); Serial.println(TinyGPS::library_version());
}
void loop()
{
bool nuevosDatos = false;
unsigned long caracteres;
unsigned short sentencias, fallas;
// Analizamos si hay datos del módulo GPS cada 10 segundos
for (unsigned long start = millis(); millis() - start < 10000;)
{
if(millis() > Tiempo + 10000){
Tiempo = millis();
sensores();
}
while (ss.available())//Se cumple mientras hay datos disponibles desde el GPS
{
char c = ss.read();
if (gps.encode(c)) // Si hay datos validos
nuevosDatos = true;//Asignamos un valor "true" a la variable
}
}
if (nuevosDatos)
{
float flat, flon;//Variables para almacenar la latitud y longitud
gps.f_get_position(&flat, &flon);
Serial.print(" https://maps.google.com/maps?q=");//Formato url de google maps
Serial.print(flat == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE ? 0.0 : flat, 2);//Obtenemos la latitud
Serial.print(",");
Serial.println(flon == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE ? 0.0 : flon, 2);//Obtenemos la longitud
}
//En el caso de que exista una mala conexión con el GPS, en el cableado, nos enviará una alerta
gps.stats(&caracteres, &sentencias, &fallas);
if (caracteres == 0)
Serial.println("*No se han recibido caracteres del GPS: compruebe el cableado*");
}
void sensores(){
h = dht.readHumidity();//Lectura de la humedad
t = dht.readTemperature();//Lectura de la temperatura
//Lo convertimos a string
stringT = String(t);
stringH = String(h);
int valorAnemometro = analogRead(A0);//Leemos el pin analógico A0
voltaje = valorAnemometro * (5.0 / 1023.0);//Convertimos ese valor en voltaje
velocidad = 6*voltaje;//El nivel de velocidad del viento es proporcional al voltaje de salida.
datos = "Temp:"+ stringT + "C Hum:" +stringH + "% V.Viento:" +velocidad + " M/S ";
Serial.println(datos);//Enviamos estos datos al módulo Lora
}
More information https://rogerbit.com/wprb/2021/07/build-your-own-long-range-weather-station-with-lora-gps-anemometer-module/
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